Title:

Comparative Primary Cilia Directionality Analysis in Cortical Regions of Turtles, Mice, and Monkeys

Primary cilia serve as cell antennae in most vertebrate cells including neurons. It is known that primary cilia regulate embryonic neurodevelopment, but little is known about their roles in postnatal neurodevelopment. The mammal brain's 6-layered neocortex is homologous to the dorsal cortex in reptiles. The 3-layered allocortex (old cortex) includes the olfactory cortex and hippocampus in mammals, equivalent to the lateral and medial cortex in reptiles, respectively. The mouse hippocampal CA1-CA3 are condensed into one highly dense lamina. In contrast, the neocortex of monkeys is highly expanded, evolved, and has gyrifications. Furthermore, the CA1 region in monkeys are loosely layered. We have discovered that primary cilia in loosely layered cortical regions including mouse neocortex point in the same direction; however, cilia in the dense laminated regions such as mouse hippocampus manifest opposite directionality. This work will advance our understanding of how primary cilia regulate postnatal neurodevelopment and cortical evolution.

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