Title:

Regional-scale bottom-up assessment of the impacts of residential solar photovoltaics-battery adoptions considering the spatial and temporal diversity

Participation of distributed solar photovoltaic generation in the organized electricity wholesale markets is expected to increase under the recent Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 2222. However, our understanding of their technical, economic, and environmental tradeoffs and co-benefits on a city scale is limited, especially considering the dynamic interactions of the distributed solar PV-battery systems and the centralized grid. This study therefore aims to investigate the grid peak load reduction, economic, and environmental performances of various spatial residential rooftop PV-battery system adoption scenarios on a city scale considering PV-grid interactions. We intend to provide a comprehensive methodology to examine the possible scenarios in which future adoption of PV-battery systems can facilitate economic saving, have larger or smaller environmental footprints, relieve or deteriorate centralized grid stress, and result in co-optimized dynamic economic and environmental outcomes on both building and city scales. To this end, a modeling framework was developed consisting of a residential electricity demand model, a system dynamics model of solar energy generation, storage, and selling, and life cycle assessment. Particularly, the residential electricity demand and the system dynamics models were developed at a building-level, and further scaled up to a city level using Python. The highly resolved electricity demand simulations of typical household occupants were embedded. The possibility for each residential building to balance its demand from PV, battery, and/or grid was encoded. The city of Boston, MA was selected as our framework testbed. The spatial and temporal investigations of the various levels of distributed PV-battery adoptions can provide indispensable insights into the planning and management of residential PV-battery systems as well as informing regional policymaking.

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